Preparing a reflective report

Setting up an intelligent report Intelligent report is the report which covers various phases of the strategy that incorporates improvement, thought commencement, marketable strategy advancement, creating the introduction and criticism. Additionally is close to home job and impression of the significance of field-tested strategy to decide the information and our contribution in setting up the report which help the understudy to break down the entire procedure of creating field-tested strategy from thoughts creating to age of plan. 2. THE TEAM WORK Our marketable strategy bunch was comprised of four individuals including myself and Saida M. Bandawe, Edna Mtema and Grace Sikaona with the assistance of our guide. After we structure our gathering we intended to meet after classes and examine distinctive business thoughts from every individual from the group and we choose to chip away at the Trash Collection venture after affirmation with our group address. The explanation of picking this venture is to forestall natural contamination in Mikocheni society just as Dar es Salaam city later on. The jobs circulation ere dependent on the territory of specialization in order to have the option to give commitments as thoughts to advance with field-tested strategy planning. Rules for conveyance of jobs were accommodation, experience, solace and mindfulness as far as how things are accomplished for the achievement of the organization. 2.1 The job In our group we examined all assignments together so as to allow everybody to recommend not just the undertaking they consented to chip away at, yet in addition to know on the most proficient method to set up the parts in strategy. For instance each week we needed to work one assignment, everybody all alone and toward the week's end we meet to talk about the thoughts and afterward finish up which is the best. The jobs were as per the following: Saida M Bandawe did on operational arrangement and supervisory crew and report essayist. Edwardina N. Karugendo chipped away at budgetary arrangement and hazard appraisal. Edna Mtema ,has taken a shot at the business opportunity and industry examination of our business Beauty Sikaona has set up the subtleties on showcasing and furthermore budgetary arrangement. 2.2 Specializations Each colleague had some expertise in those jobs dependent on the standards set forward before above which she felt agreeable to convey the best of the thoughts on the field. I took a shot at Marketing and monetary arrangement as Im presently working in the bank as installment official. It was anything but difficult to me to do budget reports for our business venture. 2.3 Contributions of colleagues All individuals took an interest effectively in arrangement of all the field-tested strategy from thoughts to finish archive, individuals cooperated in all phases until fruitful accommodation of the field-tested strategy. There were various types of commitments from individuals, for example, willful report composing and assortment of information a round various Municipal Council writing supplies and so on. 2.4 Team shaping procedure The group shaping in our group was finished by every schoolmate looking mates she/he can function admirably and structure the best gathering. After we structure our gathering, the talk request that each gathering discover four business thoughts, at that point examine with her the best based testing, accommodating to the general public and not normal business among four thoughts. 2.5 Efficiency of cooperation We figured out how to complete our field-tested strategy as arranged and submitted on schedule. The way that we used to cooperate and talk about all as a gathering which has limited grumblings towards an individual relegated on that task in the event that something turned out badly or not satisfactory. 3. Procedure OF IDEA INITIATION 3.1 Arriving at the possibility of the field-tested strategy The preparation we got at IIT on Small Business Development for just about half year, has made us to see how to plan and start up a business and see the need of choosing a particular portion to center upon. 3.2 Choice from the potential thoughts Thought is a reason or controlling head. Our gathering had various thoughts, for example, Eatery Fitting Refuse Collection We chose to take Trash Collection venture since we were worried about forestalling natural contamination in Mikocheni society just as Dar es Salaam city for what's to come. Likewise by thinking about the World ecological emergency, so by doing this business we will be advantage monetarily as well as we will assume a major job in securing our surroundings. 3.3 Lesson I gained from the procedure of thought inception (Theories) Through field-tested strategy readiness I took in a great deal and one is tedious and a repetitive work, one should be energy in a subject and free their psyche in order to get a handle on precisely the information that the subject conveys. Additionally I get opportunity to rehearse what we take in class from first year Diploma to my third year. For instance a) Marketing hypothesis I) choosing an objective market( A specialties showcase) We picked Mikocheni territory as a thin gathering of Dar es Salaam city occupant however comparable intrigue. (Barringer, B.R. what's more, Ireland, R.D pg 318) b) Financial Theory For any business person must have four money related target which are I) Profitability - Our organization capacity to make benefit ii) Liquidity - Our organization capacity to meet its momentary commitment iii) Efficiency-How gainfully a firm uses its benefit iv) Stability - The general solid of the organization budgetary structure of our business, specific as it rrelates to its obligation to-value proportions.( Barringer, B.R. also, Ireland, R.D pg 222) I additionally discovered that offering thoughts to others is significant as it allows to understudies to look at the thoughts profoundly as an approach to check whether it very well may be actualized, potential benefits and faults, difficulties and issues which need a nearby consideration before moving into thought 4. Introduction EXPERIENCE It is critical to introduce a field-tested strategy since it assembles a certainty and capacity to communicate she/he thoughts and perspectives to the board 4.1 Importance of the introducing the marketable strategy Introducing in a gathering probably won't be a decent route rather in our group we had an open door for every last one of us to introduce their field-tested strategy separately and every individuals needs to introduce in any event two slide, for me this was an amazing path as it encourages us to assemble trust in protecting our conclusions and contemplations while responding to the inquiries raised by the board. During introduction I took in the accompanying: During introduction is imperative to be arranged and efficient, else you will wind up shaking and get anxious, and consequently no back rub will be conveyed to the crowd. In introduction one must concentrate on what s/he will achieve with the mentioned capital and less on significant level markets insights. Its essential to hold introduction for short of what one hour so as to keep up board consideration and not get drained or exhausted with the introduction. Additionally in introductions, consciousness of the time accessible to cover significant focuses inside that period and keep up introduction stream. Capacity to hop over into the introduction in the wake of having addressed the inquiries from the board,, where more explanation on arrangement of an issue was requested. Introduction help me to constructs more certainty as it was my first an ideal opportunity to do introduction, and expectation next time it will be progressively charming and much I gained from this introduction will support me 4.2 Learning Experiences Through the course of independent company advancement I have discovered that so as to build up any sort of business somebody have to comprehend the market opportunity either by finding the expand, watching the pattern or tackling the issue, at that point the following stage will be the business arranging. 5. Elective SCENARIOS The forecast of development in our field-tested strategy was idealistic; in this manner why we put our business thought in the market, get credit from EXIM Bank for the rest of the piece of the capital required so as to work business and trusting following three to five years we may figure out how to restore the advances because of popularity of our administrations. As Entrepreneurs we realize each business has its negative and positive results, if EGES Trash Collection doesn't develop as anticipated we will ask help from the AJM Company which has encounters in the waste assortment industry to support the development relying upon what was the explanation for the disappointment. For instance, if the disappointment was operational, we may request that they train the activity administrator to be prepared by their accomplished operational chief. 5.1 Usefulness of the marketable strategy By utilizing our marketable strategy, our organization can utilize it as a guide and intends to perceive how well the consequences of the business are. Additionally the field-tested strategy has put all fundamental system down which will assist the administration with using it as rules in day by day tasks exercises. For instance, the showcasing plan directs as an instrument which makes open attention to expected clients, keep up relationship with the present and hold steadfast clients, plan and calendar by taking activities. Additionally it assists with getting input from client on how we are offering the types of assistance. Additionally monetary arrangement will assist us with seeing the course of the business as far as pay and costs of the organization as are referenced and anticipated in years to come, indicating where the organization would be and where the organization remains at present. 5.2 Limitation of the field-tested strategy Our field-tested strategy on the off chance that it happens to be actualized the accompanying could be the confinements: Government Law-as indicated by our administration law that nobody can enroll the organization for waste assortment like other organization offering types of assistance rather must be sub-shrunk by individual metropolitan or endorsed garbage Collection Company. Awful Infrastructures-with separate to our territory of junk assortment of Mikocheni occupant the road are not sorted out/suitable, this outcomes in frustrating the way toward gathering garbage to be troublesome or impractical at all to go through the road streets particularly during precipitation seasons Occupant development Most of families in Dar es Salaam, specific in Mikocheni territory, the inhabitants are moving starting with one region then onto the next because of yearly increment of the rent. This will results to awful indebted individuals to our organization as there are n

Free Essays on Robert Frost, Tuft Of Flowers

Being a rancher, Robert Frost had the option to encounter nature direct and very close. Ice felt appended to nature on a personal level which roused him to compose verse. He unequivocally accepted that man was confined from nature. While cultivating, Frost would wish that ranchers would exploit their moral duty and be a little yet progressively inventive and innovative when keeping an eye on nature. The sonnet composed my Frost, Tuft of Flowers is about a rancher who expounded on the things he saw and experienced while cultivating. Promptly in the first part of the day a rancher goes to his field to accomplish his work. Once there, he understands that the high grass has just been cut so he turns the grass to dry. The cutter proceeded to far out. This triggers sentiments of forlornness and isolation. He feels that the trimmer who cut the field was unaccompanied and far out by some other being. He feels that now he remains solitary in the unfilled field with nobody watching him and nobody to be with. This sentiment of forlorn isn't only an inclination of unaccompanyment however the depression of the whole human race. At that point a butterfly stops by searching for blossoms however the entirety of the blossoms are gone in light of the fact that the trimmer cut them all down. The butterfly is attracted to a â€Å"tuft of flowers† by the stream which was left by the cutter. He left them since he thought they were pretty and it brought him energy. At that point the rancher started to feel the past cutters sou l since he could feel the trimmers enthusiasm for nature. This engaging inclination stirs the farmer’s faculties and he understands that he isn't working alone. The blossoms disperse his forlornness and he currently feels in the organization of the cutter. From the outset the rancher feels alone and unsatisfied with the world, at that point as his day advances and certain occasions happen he doesn't feel alone any longer. Presently he feels that individuals are not so much alone and individuals do things that give them and others delight. Emerson’s verse enlivened the ... Free Essays on Robert Frost, Tuft Of Flowers Free Essays on Robert Frost, Tuft Of Flowers Being a rancher, Robert Frost had the option to encounter nature direct and very close. Ice felt joined to nature on a close level which enlivened him to compose verse. He unequivocally accepted that man was disengaged from nature. While cultivating, Frost would wish that ranchers would exploit their moral obligation and be a little yet increasingly innovative and inventive when keeping an eye on nature. The sonnet composed my Frost, Tuft of Flowers is about a rancher who expounded on the things he saw and experienced while cultivating. Promptly in the first part of the day a rancher goes to his field to accomplish his work. Once there, he understands that the high grass has just been cut so he turns the grass to dry. The cutter proceeded to far out. This triggers sentiments of depression and isolation. He feels that the cutter who cut the field was unaccompanied and far out by some other being. He feels that now he remains solitary in the vacant field with nobody watching him and nobody to be with. This sentiment of desolate isn't only an inclination of unaccompanyment however the forlornness of the whole human race. At that point a butterfly drops by searching for blossoms however the entirety of the blossoms are gone in light of the fact that the trimmer cut them all down. The butterfly is attracted to a â€Å"tuft of flowers† by the waterway which was left by the trimmer. He left them since he thought they were pretty and it brought him joy. At that point the rancher started to feel the past trimmers soul since he could feel the cutters energy for nature. This engaging inclination stirs the farmer’s faculties and he understands that he isn't working alone. The blossoms disperse his depression and he presently feels in the organization of the trimmer. From the start the rancher feels alone and unsatisfied with the world, at that point as his day advances and certain occasions happen he doesn't feel alone any longer. Presently he feels that individuals are not so much alone and individuals do things that give them and others delight. Emerson’s verse roused the ...

Being Vegetarian on Campus

Being Vegetarian on Campus Hey everyone, As a vegetarian on campus, I thought I would write about what that’s like here and let future campus vegetarians know of the best places to find food. My first week on campus was pretty rough food wise;  I ate a lot of ramen and cereal. I currently live in Illinois Street Residence in Wardall Hall, and while the dining hall is great,  the vegetarian options are very limited. I usually walk over to the Lincoln Avenue Residence Hall to eat at their dining hall because they have really good vegetarian options at every meal.  Another good dining hall for vegetarians is  the Ikenberry dining hall, because they also have good vegetarian and vegan food options. I think part of being vegetarian on campus is  finding out which dining halls have the best options for you personally, and finding the closest dining hall to you for times you have to study or you just dont feel like traveling to eat.  I would also suggest that you use your food credits to buy cereal, milk, ramen, or soup as a backup so if the dining in your residence hall doesnt  have the vegetarian options you want on a given day, you can still eat a meal. Another  option is to go  out to eat. There are vegetarian choices  outside of the residence halls, such as the Red Herring (a vegetarian restaurant) and Merry Ann’s Diner. Thanks guys, and happy eating on campus! Indyia Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Practice in Adding Adjectives and Adverbs to Sentences

A common way of expanding a simple sentence is with modifiers--words that add to the meanings of other words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. For instance, in the sentence below, the adjective sad modifies the noun smile (the subject of the sentence). The clowns sad smile touched us deeply. In this same sentence, the adverb deeply modifies the verb touched. Used carefully, adjectives and adverbs can make our writing clearer and more precise. Arranging Adjectives Adjectives most often appear just in front of the nouns that they modify: The old, cranky caretaker refused to answer our questions. Notice that when two (or more) adjectives precede a noun, they are usually separated by commas. But occasionally adjectives follow the nouns they modify: The caretaker, old and cranky, refused to answer our questions. Here the commas appear outside the pair of adjectives, which are joined by the conjunction and. Placing the adjectives after the noun is a way of giving them added emphasis in a sentence. Adjectives sometimes appear in a third position in a sentence: after a linking verb such as am, are, is, was, or were. As their name implies, these verbs link adjectives with the subjects they modify. See if you can identify the adjectives in the sentences below: His voice was rough.Your children are cruel.This seat is wet. In each of these sentences, the adjective (rough, cruel, wet) modifies the subject but follows the linking verb (was, are, is). Arranging Adverbs Adverbs usually follow the verbs they modify: I dance occasionally. However, an adverb may also appear directly in front of the verb or at the very beginning of a sentence: I occasionally dance.Occasionally I dance. Because not all adverbs are this flexible in all sentences, you should try them out in different positions until you find the clearest arrangement. Practice in Adding Adjectives Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs. The adjective thirsty, for example, comes from thirst, which may be either a noun or a verb. Complete each sentence below with the adjective form of the italicized noun or verb. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought great destruction to the Gulf coast. It was one of the most _____ hurricanes in recent decades.All of our pets enjoy good health. Our collie is exceptionally _____, despite its advanced age.Your suggestion makes a great deal of sense. You have a very _____ idea.Google made record profits last year. It is one of the most _____ companies in the world.Dr. Krafts job requires patience and skill. He is a _____ negotiator.All through high school, Giles rebelled against his parents and teachers. Now he has three _____ children of his own.Telling jokes that will not offend others can be difficult. Some comedians are deliberately _____. Practice in Adding Adverbs Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. The adverb softly, for instance, comes from the adjective soft. Note, however, that not all adverbs end in -ly. Very, quite, always, almost, and often are some of the common adverbs that are not formed from adjectives. Complete each sentence below with the adverb form of the italicized adjective. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. The exam was easy. I passed _____.Leroys careless act set the warehouse on fire. He _____ tossed a cigarette into a tank of gasoline.Paige is a brave little girl. She fought _____ against the poltergeists.Howard is a graceful dancer. He moves _____.Toms apology sounded quite sincere. He said that he was _____ sorry for misusing the tax funds.Paula made a generous contribution to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. She gives _____ every year.The lecture was brief. Dr. Legree spoke _____ about the importance of flossing after every meal. Answers to the Exercise:Â  Practice in Adding Adjectives 1. destructive; 2. healthy; 3. sensible; 4. profitable; 5. patient; 6. rebellious; 7. offensive Answers to the Exercise:Â  Practice in Adding Adverbs 1. easily; 2. carelessly; 3. bravely; 4. gracefully; 5. sincerely; 6. generously; 7. briefly

Psychology A Way Of Understanding Mental Disorders And...

Mental disorders affects 1 out of 5 people each year (Kallivayalil). Psychology has a way of understanding mental disorders and how they function. There are many branches to psychology that leads to many jobs that are beneficial more than most people realize. Majoring in psychology can go a lot farther than just in the medical field. If someone chooses to become a politician they should understand human behavior for the better of their region. Understanding how humans work will provide solutions to improve systems and manage relations with everyone else in the world (Miller). Knowing how people behave and how their brain functions will provide an extra edge when trying to assist them. There are many different forms of psychology which†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"While cross-cultural psychology and anthropology often overlap, both tends to focus on different aspects of a culture. The areas of interest to psychologists are not addressed by anthropologists who have concerns wi th kinship, land distribution, and rituals† (Cross-Cultural Psychology). Even though anthropologists has a focus on rituals, psychology can be used to study ritual behaviors and become a benefit with anthropology. Knowing the differences between cultural and individual behaviors is a part of studying psychology which transforms into informative knowledge that is shared with everyone else to also understand the cultures. Not only can psychology benefit in understanding people and their cultures, but also in the workplace and several jobs. Majoring in psychology gives an extra edge at the workplace or getting a job. Having experience with how people think gives the benefit of being around people and getting people-friendly jobs. Working at a prison as a correctional officer includes psychology. These officers work with inmates with their interactions with everyone and the choices that they make (Psychology Careers). If the correctional officer did not have a background in psycho logy, they could not do their work to the full extention that the inmates need. Social workers are tasked with helping clients adjust and respond to a variety of life pressures including psychological,

Analyzing Identity in Racist Language Essay - 884 Words

Throughout the semester I have learned to analysis the dialogue of the texts we read and came to find out the characters voices derive the tone of the authors argument. Better yet, I learned how to read between the lines. Based on the series of texts I have read in GEW 101, I come to depict the significance of language to ones identity is that racism is not acceptable, by comparing texts, authors and scholarly sources. Some of the texts and authors include: Martin L. King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail; Urban Neanderthals; Black Ball; Gran Torino and a Very Old Man with Enormous Wings. I believe that the connection between all these texts brought about a social change in the community by the language of the authors. The leader of†¦show more content†¦Blacks and Whites should not receive better equality than one another. King exclaims in his letter to the clergymen, â€Å"Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its boun ds.† The language that King proposes gives the community such enduring positive social change. His audience believes his identity can change the nonviolence towards Blacks in the Civil Rights Movement. King wanted American at its best, and was willing to do anything in that power to achieve it. For example during the month of December in 1955, after the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Rosa Parks refused to obey the mandatory guidelines for segregation on the buses. Shortly after a bus boycott was created and Martin L. King Jr. was elected president of the newly formed Montgomery Improvement Association. I believe Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail gave him an identity in the world for people who wanted to make a difference. The bus boycott did just that, the busses we desegregated a year later. King was used as an image everybody looked up too, to change the idea that only whites were aloud in certain restaurants or restr ooms. â€Å"Daddy, why do whites people treat colored people so mean?† (Aaron pg. 442). The tone of the quote is sad, representing a child asking his father why white people treat blacks so unjust and unfair. How would you try to change racism if your son askedShow MoreRelatedToni Morrison s Sula Broken Minds : A Psychological Perspective1286 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpret the causation behind each character’s psychological mind, the reader must employ an African American critical theoretical method when analyzing the literature. African American critical theory requires both the knowledge of Black Psychology and Gender Psychology which also involves general knowledge regarding African American history. Analyzing an African American themed novel can sometimes be difficult for those whom are not of African decent and have not experienced diversity or prejudiceRead MoreRace Relations Light Years From Earth913 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the typical â€Å"white messiah † formula occasionally, according to Mitu Sengupta in her article, â€Å"Race Relations Light Years From Earth,† one can conclude that the entertainment industry is still perpetuating racial inequalities and racism. By analyzing â€Å"Avatar† and the concept of the â€Å"white messiah†, one can argue racism still exists in the American society and whites feel guilty about the racial inequalities. Even though they have this guilt, whites will not change if it means that they must giveRead MoreSociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism1645 Words   |  7 Pagesto become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as much of the dominant society s culture as possible, particularly its language, mannerisms, and goals for success, and thus give up much of its own culture. Assimilations stands in contrast to racial cultural pluralism the maintenance and persistence of one s culture, language, mannerisms, practices, art, and so on. be able to measure the existence and extent of racial discrimination of a particular kind in a particularRead MoreEssay about Personality Development of Joseph Paul Franklin1689 Words   |  7 Pageshappened to Franklin and how that helped him develop his identity. These are two very different tests but they serve different and equally important purposes, as does the Five Factor Model trait analysis. This analytic tool is decidedly short on weaknesses because of its history of development and the trait analyses tools that have come before it from which it could be honed. McCrae and John argue that â€Å"Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnairesRead MoreTelevision, Television And The Internet1399 Words   |  6 Pagesinternalizing these myths through the analysis of the Black Lives Matter movement and the critiques surrounding media outlets and their coverage of Black bodies. Roland Barthes’s Notion of Myth tells us that mythology is a larger part of cultural language with the inclusion of images . He speculates that myth naturalizes and legitimizes social constructs and is an empty signifier until appropriated by a dominant ideology. I am suggesting that Africa, in the eyes of global news network and media conglomeratesRead MoreIntercultural Communication : Understanding, Culture, And Perspectives1470 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"black† people residing in America and I can’t necessarily say that they are from Africa, but I do know from experience that African descendants are highly offended when they are compared to African Americans. Black culture can be seen in religion, language, family structure, food, music, dance, art, and so much more. The African culture originated from Africa and was forced to move to America and become slaves at that point Africans were disbursed all over the U.S. until roughly the 13 or 14 centuryRead More A Multicultural Education956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe four phases of multicultural education: incorporating ethnic studies into school curricula, total school reform for educational equality, inclusion of other minority groups by incorporating their history and culture into the curriculum, and analyzing the differences of race, class and gender. In order to move forward with the implementation of multicultural education, educators most be made more aware of integrating content, building a diverse knowledge base which is delivered equitably in theRead MoreFear Of The Latino Invasion Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pageshas many people feeling that their country, rights, property, and security—the basic components of the American Identity— are being threatened because of a perception that Latinos are not ‘Americanizing’. I argue that not only are these fears that Latinos are endangering American Culture are in fact illegitimate, but also that the idea of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œAssimilation’ or ‘Americanizing’ promotes the racist hegemony of the Anglo-Conformity Model that contends that any immigrant who does not meet both the criteria ofRead MoreDiscourse Analysis Mini Research4784 Words   |  20 PagesStudy Language has a social function as a tool to make connection between human beings. Without language, it seems impossible for people to interact with others in their daily life because language can express people’s feeling, willing, opinion, etc. In case of communication, some public figures might influence language use in socio culture. The figure public not only as the entertainer for society but also as a trendsetter of any aspects such as the fashion style, hobby, and the language style.Read MoreDeculturalization Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesculture is the basis of ethnocentrism. People have repeatedly become victims of deculturalization, especially in the United States, and by analyzing this ethnocentrism one learns the importance of sustaining different cultures in society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many methods of deculturalization, such as segregation, isolation, and forced change of language. When the content of curriculum reflects culture of dominant group, it is deculturalization. Also, dominated groups are not allowed

M-Commerce And Its Applications In Business Successes †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the M-Commerce And Its Applications In Business Successes. Answer: Introduction and context Currently, the growing application of Mobile commerce (referred to as sales of goods and services through mobile devices) is bringing success in many old as well as startup businesses. In other words, M-commerce Information System is referred to as a combination of E-commerce application and Wireless Web. This technology is both positively and negatively impacting the businesses. The widespread usage of Mobile phones has provided a dramatic transaction to Mobile apps thus this particular topic has been chosen for evaluation. Due to the proliferation of mobile devices usability currently most of the large to medium business activities are focusing on information system management regarding M-commerce application along with the E-commerce. In order to deliver better service to the consumers most of the business organizations are concentrating on developing their mobile app. Usage of M-commerce is beneficial from the business perspectives but at the same time business can also be negatively impacted by M-commerce Information System. This particular essay reflects the issues associated with M-commerce Information System (IS) that interrupts the business success. In the current technology era, this is one of the significant concerns of business. Thus, immediately after the identification of different issues to M-Commerce (IS), proper strategies are needed to be implemented. Information system management issue Security is referred to as an enabling factor in M-commerce. While turning on any handset, GSM gives a comparatively secured connection through the help of Personal Identification Number (PIN). The adoption of the M-commerce application moderates individualism, collectivism regardless of gender of the consumers (Faqih and Jaradat 2015). Not only this but also GSM gives an accurate authentication approach protocol between the network and Mobile device through the SSL encryption of both data and voice. Mobile commerce is referred to as a particular type of daunting task that pays active role in consumers decision making (Nilashi et al. 2015). Different effects may occur during the application of M-commerce Information System in the business organizations. The significant issues that the business organizations widely face after adopting M-commerce Information System in their businesses are as follows: Security issues of Mobile Commerce Issues in location management Ethics and privacy issues Wireless infrastructure and usability issues Regulatory challenges and legal issues Consumer trust level issues Problems with interoperability and compatibility However, among all these above mentioned issues the most highlighted issue is a security threat with the M-commerce IS application in business. It has been found that wireless communication is referred to as a much vulnerable. In case of personal innovativeness adequate amount of attention is required to be paid by the M- Commerce service providers (Lu 2014). It helps to improve business environment because the security has become one of the foremost concerns with high end mobile devices within the business environment. The trust of the consumers transforms through a set of dynamic process (Lin et al. 2014). During the usage of Mobile commerce Information System in the business environment, many issues are found to exist with this application while conducting the different transaction such as: Data can be lost from the server and mobile terminal Data can be misplaced or theft due to the limitation in size and stored content Lack of proper data authentication technique, data can be hijacked y the unauthorized users Different aspects are there to be considered for the Information System Security including physical security, risk assessment, secured access, malware attack and secured wireless data transmission. However, there is certain build in security approaches exist such as keypad locking, password etc., that are used by the majority of the wireless IS users. The value of M-commerce or mobile business considers the impact on sales and marketing, organizational internal operation and other measureable procurements (Picoto, Blanger and Palma-dos-Reis 2014). On the other hand, information transformation over the wireless medium is much vulnerable to making attacks. An information system can be identified as intercepted and if it is not accurately encrypted with the flawed protocol then; all confidential data will be exploited as a known data rater then confidential. However, in order to convince user, this security approach does not stand as enough. In order to gain access to a particular security system, application of smart card is found to be as the most preferred one. The usability of social media marketing and its adoption like an advanced communication tool in increasing globally and also eventually offering valuable opportunities to the business organizations. The way of interaction and work is changing accordingly with the help of Mobile Business or M-commerce (Gurtner, Reinhardt and Soyez 2014). In order to ensure the confidentiality of M-commerce Information system, an accurate encryption approach should be used with the proper secret private key. The encryption key helps to scramble the confidential information during its transmission over a channel from the sender to the recipient. However, the individual key must keep secret to keep the confidentiality and security of the system (Lu et al. 2015). In addition to this, the secret code must not be shared with the outsiders over the sender and the recipient parties. If the secret code is divided among the third parties, then the data will be easily accessed by the external attackers. The rese arch of Information System will help to keep the researchers updated on the IS management issues and challenges that most of the IT industries and management are widely facing (Kavanagh, and Johnson 2017). From the full range of M-commerce IS application it has been found that security is the most significant threat that most of IS using business organizations are widely facing. Over the radio frequency platform which is prone to different passive attacks such as snooping, spoofing etc. This is quite difficult to estimate the extent of M-commerce IS usage and its utility during the usage of the internet over the mobile devices. Thus, it can be said that compromised security function can affect not only the network but also can lead an entire business towards major commercial loss. Discussion and arguments There are many online shopping centers such as Flipkart, Amazon, Myntra, Jabong etc. which use an M-Commerce app for selling their products. It also gives online payment opportunity to the buyers from anywhere and anytime. Though due to lack of security and management the buyers of Flipkart (on the Big Billion day, 2016) faced severe problems. The event Big Billion Day was promoted by Flipkart in 2016 that has an exclusive deal with all their products offering many discounts on home appliances, electronic goods and fashion accessories also. The consumers highlighted substantial operational and technical errors in the pricing scams to lack of product variety. Once the site was also crashed, and due to glitches, the order placements were affected. In addition to this, for some of the products, the review and rating options were also missed those days. This real-life case implies that dealing with huge consumers and products through E-commerce and M-commerce is not beneficial every time. There are significant differences between the handheld device and desktops considering several ways. Due to smaller screen size and minimum amount of input capabilities users face problems during its application in the business environment (Shaukat et al. 2016). For different wireless applications, due to lack of security systems in the implementation of wireless protocols, security is not at all measured as adequate. Handheld devices have another issue associated with it such as it shows a few text lines and does not have any traditional board. At the expense of battery life more substantial screen and also the color can be identifiably enhanced. The recent design efforts are also thus driving positively with the help of the classic trade-off. The vendors are trying to bring measurable changes in the field of both features, and design outlines of the M-Commerce IS application (Ferreira 2014). Another issue that is going to be faced by the users is the increasing demand for bandwidth for application of both the new as well as existing networks. Interference may be occurring because different standards like Bluetooth, IEEE802.11 are also willing to use the similar range of frequency for their application. Mobile Commerce provides extended business opportunities to the consumers (Shah, Ahmed and Soomro 2016). Laudon and Laudon (2016) stated that security is the most highlighted issues that, most of the information system users are currently facing in their business application. In case of M-commerce application, the users are allowed to book for their desired services and products from the Mobile apps. The process of payment gateway also differs in this case. If proper security assumptions are not undertaken then, a company may face serious security issues. With lack of security approaches, unauthenticated users can also access the business servers without taking permission even from the owners. In order to encrypt the confidential information, two different meth ods such as asymmetric and symmetric are widely used by the Information system business owners. Not only during the application of M-commerce Information system but also while adopting the Information System the companies may face significant issues as well that interrupts the business success instead put the negative impact on the business. Conclusion From the overall discussion, it can be concluded that most of the large business organizations are currently investing a lot of resources to build information system regarding an E-commerce mobile based application. However, some businesses are also there identified, who have terminated their operation in websites and are running their businesses only through the mobile apps Information system. Based on the type and background of business including their operational features an organization should adopt the necessary information system that has to be applied to it. The essence of the essay is wholly focused on the issues associated with the Information system (M-commerce) and its negative impact on the business organization. From the wide area technology-based survey it has been found that approximately 52% of total consumers are recently using the M-commerce Information system application in their business for commercial success. However, the consumers are simultaneously facing both safeties as well as security issues with the application of Information system (M-commerce and E-commerce) in their business. It can be said that not only after use but also during the adoption of the IS also companies are facing major barriers. In order to gain competitive advantages and measurable success from the business after identifying the IS issues proper mitigation approaches are also required to be highlighted. Critical reflection Different approaches such as near field communication, direct communication or E-commerce governance and Printed display barcode based symbols are there, available in the field of Information System (in term of M-commerce) application in the business organization. I have learned that based on the background of the business the most appropriate approach should be adopted by the project team members or business owners. Firstly, in order to obtain competitive advantages from the market, most of the large businesses are developing E-commerce based websites. However, to make it more efficient, E-commerce websites are improving by promoting it in M-commerce based Mobile app. It helps to govern the E-commerce based businesses. I have learned, M-commerce allows the consumers to access the desired portal from anywhere and anytime. Therefore, users are not required to wait in any queue for product and service booking. The second approach implies that M-commerce gives displayed bar code symbols to the consumers that can encode the emblem which directs the users to the websites. At the sites, the users are headed towards where the information is displayed. In some cases, resolution of the display may interrupt the users, but this approach can be eventually termed as a helpful one. On the other hand, it can be said that contemporary approaches are the most valuable approaches those are necessary to be adopted by the business organizations to avoid commercial, operational and business functional challenges. After studying multiple perspectives on the information system, I have found that for Information system it shows that Information System is a multidisciplinary field. I think that no single theory can dominate others. The major disciplinarians of contemporary approaches for the study of an Information system are technical approach and behavioral approach. I have learned that the major discipline of these approaches consists of the following attributes such as contributed problems, issues and its respective solution as well. The entire operation which is known as managing information system has six different domains such as computer science, sociology, operation research, economics, management science, and psychology. The information system is a socio-technic al system, which is composed of mechanics, devices and also hard physical technologies. It requires substantial social, organizational, intellectual investments to ensure all the activities work appropriately. I think in order to study the details of the Information system management, its application abilities and issues of IS that are continuously interrupting the commercial success of any business proper contemporary approach is needed to be adapted accordingly. I think that both of these approaches are helpful, but at the same time, technical approach is somewhere a little beneficial to gain measurable business success. In order to study the application and operational activities of an information system, the professional approach provides mathematics based modules. Besides M-commerce and E-commerce application there are some additional technologies such as project management approaches, outsourcing, ICT governance, ERP, Business Intelligence (BI), Knowledge Management (KM) etc. are available the project managers for commercial success can apply those. I think M-commerce app should be integrated with these approaches to take effective organizational decisions. I have also learned that the discipline which contributes to the technical approaches include computer science, management science and operation management. I have realized that computer science is much concern about the computability and computation methods and data storage and access abilities whereas; the management science is focused on decision making models and other best management practices during the implementation and management if Information system in the business organizations. I think that the business owners who are using M-commerce application in their business should adopt the most suitable approach to gain competitive advantages and commercial success as well. Bibliography Chen, Y.F. and Lan, Y.C., 2014. An empirical study of the factors affecting mobile shopping in Taiwan.International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI),10(1), pp.19-30 Cui, M. and Pan, S.L., 2015. Developing focal capabilities for e-commerce adoption: A resource orchestration perspective.Information Management,52(2), pp.200-209. Dahnil, M.I., Marzuki, K.M., Langgat, J. and Fabeil, N.F., 2014. Factors influencing SMEs adoption of social media marketing.Procedia-social and behavioral sciences,148, pp.119-126. Faqih, K.M. and Jaradat, M.I.R.M., 2015. Assessing the moderating effect of gender differences and individualism-collectivism at individual-level on the adoption of mobile commerce technology: TAM3 perspective.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, pp.37-52. Ferreira, S.C., 2014. The M-Commerce In The Retail Industry: Exploring consumers and retailers perspectives of features in a mobile app for supermarkets. Gurtner, S., Reinhardt, R. and Soyez, K., 2014. Designing mobile business applications for different age groups.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,88, pp.177-188. Kavanagh, M.J. and Johnson, R.D. eds., 2017.Human resource information systems: Basics, applications, and future directions. Sage Publications. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Lin, J., Wang, B., Wang, N. and Lu, Y., 2014. Understanding the evolution of consumer trust in mobile commerce: a longitudinal study.Information Technology and Management,15(1), pp.37-49. Lu, J., 2014. Are personal innovativeness and social influence critical to continue with mobile commerce?.Internet Research,24(2), pp.134-159. Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O., Mirabi, V.R., Ebrahimi, L. and Zare, M., 2015. The role of Security, Design and Content factors on customer trust in mobile commerce.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,26, pp.57-69. Palacios-Marqus, D., Soto-Acosta, P. and Merig, J.M., 2015. Analyzing the effects of technological, organizational and competition factors on Web knowledge exchange in SMEs.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), pp.23-32. Picoto, W.N., Blanger, F. and Palma-dos-Reis, A., 2014. An organizational perspective on m-business: usage factors and value determination.European Journal of Information Systems,23(5), pp.571-592. Shah, M.H., Ahmed, J. and Soomro, Z.A., 2016. Investigating the Identity Theft Prevention Strategies in M-Commerce.International Association for Development of the Information Society. Shaukat, U., Ahmed, E., Anwar, Z. and Xia, F., 2016. Cloudlet deployment in local wireless networks: Motivation, architectures, applications, and open challenges.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,62, pp.18-40. Turban, E., Outland, J., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2017.Electronic Commerce 2018: A Managerial and Social Networks Perspective. Springer.

Can Technoly Replace Schools Essays - Neil Postman,

Can Technoly Replace Schools We can't see their smiles when we tell a joke nor can we see their frowns when they have a different point of view about something we say. So much information about how a person feels is transmitted through facial expressions. We can radiate massive amounts of information from a single smirk, smile, or frown. E-mail and chat rooms cannot relay this information through our computer screens. Furthermore, each time we converse with someone over the Internet, our morals are put to the test. With a great number of individuals, what was taught to them in their childhood about lying suddenly takes the back seat to make room for fun. A great majority of these individuals are not truthful about what they convey over the Internet. For some strange reason, computers transform them into a completely different person. In a sense, new technologies do make new kinds of people, as Neil Postman, a professor of media ecology at New York University, so eloquently said in his article Virtual Students, D igital Classrooms(969). Interacting with other members of our species enables us to better understand ourselves. We learn a little more of who we are and what role we play in society as our relationships with others blossom. As an integrated population, we are capable of interchanging ideas to learn more about the world around us and about the functions of society. Schools have a major impact in developing our group relations by, as Postman said, connecting the individual with others and by helping to demonstrate the value and necessity of group cohesion(972). From early childhood we have learn to find comfort and safety in groups. We are able to gather far larger amounts of information by working as a united society than we are as an individual. If we are capable of uniting computers an the classroom in a enduring relationship instead of deliberating whether or not the computer will be replacing the classroom, we will be better equipped to continue our trend of advancement. If we manage to do this, there i sn't an obstacle we cannot overcome. Technology Essays

Definition and Examples of Text Messaging

Definition and Examples of Text Messaging Texting is the process of sending and receiving brief written messages using a cellular (mobile) phone. Also called text messaging, mobile messaging, short mail, point-to-point short-message service, and Short Message Service (SMS). â€Å"Texting isn’t written language,†says linguist John McWhorter. It much more closely resembles the kind of language we’ve had for so many more years: spoken language (quoted by Michael C. Copeland in Wired, March 1, 2013).According to Heather Kelly of CNN, Six billion text messages are sent every day in the United States, ... and over 2.2 trillion are sent a year. Globally, 8.6 trillion text messages are sent each year, according to Portio Research. Example: When Birdy texted again, I was only a mile from Glades City, and the junkyard owned by Harris Spooner, so I was feeling tense and alone on this dark country road, until I read her message:On way home, no luck. Will call when reception better. Sorry!!! ☠ºI felt like saying Yippee! a word Ive never used, and my spirits, which had been low, rebounded. ... So I left a message, then replied to her text: Am near Glade City exit, how about glass of wine? Where U? As I hit Send, I noticed car lights behind me and was relieved when I saw that it was an eighteen-wheeler.(Randy Wayne White, Deceived. Penguin, 2013) Myths About Texting All the popular beliefs about texting are wrong, or at least debatable. Its graphic distinctiveness is not a totally new phenomenon. Nor is its use restricted to the young generation. There is increasing evidence that it helps rather than hinders literacy. And only a very tiny part of the language uses its distinctive orthography.   (David Crystal, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press, 2008) Texting and Instant Messaging [A]bbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons are less prevalent in American college student IM [Instant Messaging] conversations than suggested by the popular press. To move beyond media hyperbole regarding text messaging, we need corpus-based analyses of texting.Judging from our sample, American college-student text messaging and IM differed in several interesting ways. Text messages were consistently longer and contained more sentences, probably resulting from both cost factors and the tendency for IM conversations to be chunked into sequences of short messages. Text messages contained many more abbreviations than IMs, but even the number in texting was small.   (Naomi Baron, Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World. Oxford University Press, 2008) A Good Text A good text, a well-timed text, a text that expresses some bullet of revelation, some reminder of love, some thoughtful association or ball-busting paraphrase of what we agree on reconnects us when that is all we ever wantedconnectionin the midst of the chattering, indifferent cloud of humanity.(Tom Chiarella, Rule No. 991: It Is Entirely Possible to Write a Good Text Message. Esquire, May 2015)   Teenagers and Texting In the United States, 75% of teenagers text, sending an average of 60 texts a day. According to Pew Internet research, texting is teens most common form of communication, beating out phone conversations, social networks, and old-fashioned face-to-face conversations.   (Heather Kelly, OMG, the Text Message Turns 20. But Has SMS Peaked? CNN, December 3, 2012) For teenagers now, . . . texting has been largely superseded by instant messagingas Stephanie Lipman, a 17-year-old Londoner, explains. I did text for a while, but instant messaging is so much better like a constant stream-of-consciousness. You dont have to bother with Hello. How are you? or any of that. You just have this series of conversations with your friends which you can add on to when youre in the mood.   (James Delingpole, Texting Is So Last Year. Daily Telegraph, Jan. 17, 2010) [F]or young people, blogs are work, not play. A 2008 Pew research project found that while 85% of 12 to 17-year-olds engaged in electronic personal communication (including texting, email, instant messaging and commenting on social media), 60% didn’t consider these texts to be writing. Another study in 2013 revealed that teenagers still distinguish between the proper writing they do for school (which may be on blogs) and their informal, social communication.(Mel Campbell, Should We Mourn the End of Blogs? The Guardian, July 17, 2014) Textspeak in the 19th Century This S A, until U I CI pray U 2 X QsAnd do not burn in F E GMy young and wayward muse.Now fare U well, dear K T J,I trust that U R trueWhen this U C, then you can say,A S A I O U.(Final verses of Essay to Miss Catharine Jay in Gleanings From the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science and Art: A Melange of Excerpta, Curious, Humorous, and Instructive, 2nd ed., collated by Charles Carroll Bombaugh. Baltimore: T. Newton Kurtz, 1860) Predictive Texting Predictive texting is a  program in many cellular (mobile) phones that predicts a complete  word  after a user has typed in just one or two  letters. [Predictive texting] significantly reduces the number of key-presses, but there are costs alongside benefits. An early study (2002) reported that only just over half the participants who had  predictive messaging  actually used it. The others did not use it for a variety of reasons. Some said it slowed them down. Some missed the option to use  abbreviations  (though one can code them in). Some said their system did not offer the right words and found the task of adding new words slow and annoying. (David Crystal,  Txtng: the Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press, 2008)[W]hile Predictive texting  might be good for the nations  spelling, it is not always easily understood. Try typing he if is cycle, hell in to get his awake and come go to red of and see what happens when the right combination of buttons throws up the wrong words. . . . Researchers might find an intriguing answer for why a kiss often turns out to be on the lips. Are chefs aged? Is it boring to be coping? Is art apt? Is it always good to be home in the hood? Or has everyone gone? And if you try and do something asap why does it often turn out crap?  (I. Hollinghead, Whatever Happened to txt lngwj:)?  The Guardian, Jan. 7, 2006) -  Concern about the widespread infiltration of text messaging conventions into  written English  may ... be misplaced, as predictive texting becomes more common and sophisticated. ... While it seems certain that our accepted notions of standards in  language  will be influenced by electronic forms of  communication, it is very hard to predict in any detail and with any certainty what this impact might be. (A. Hewings and M. Hewings,  Grammar and Context. Routledge, 2005) Alternate Spellings: txting

World population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World population - Essay Example Hundreds of years ago Thomas Malthus forecast that the world’s population will surpass the earth’s feeding resources. In fact Malthus predicts that a world population collapse will result from the over demand for the world’s food resources by an overly large population.(World Population) After all these years, the world population continues to boom and although there are a large number living in abject poverty, it is not as a result of a lack of food. There are those who argue that the over population is on the decline as a result of increased infant mortality and low birthrates. Moreover, humanity will come to an end as a result of depletion of the earth’s ozone layer, pollution and toxic waste long before the population begins to die out as a result of an imbalance between food supplies and population numbers. When one looks at the distribution of the world’s population it is arguable that as long as the population growth is stable and sustained in countries such as Canada, the United States and European nations, the world’s food supply will not be endangered. Moreover, immigration to cities will not become a fact capable of threatening civilization as we know it. The significance of the population growth locations is relevant to the consumption of food. American’s consume almost 40 times as much food as Asians. Canadian’s and Europeans eat almost as much as the Americans. In other words there is more than enough food to go around. But thankfully, North American and Canada are not among the countries experiencing massive population growths.(World Population) Sixty percent of the world’s population is located in Europe. China alone hosts 20% of the world’s people. India, hovers dangerously close to China with 16% of the world’s population. Africa is not far behind with 12% of the world’s population. Europe hosts 11% of the world’s people and North America accounts for 8% of the world’s

Technical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Technical Writing - Essay Example A fire lane is where you should not park. This definition is very poor and inadequate in educating people about safety and driving rules. This is because it can make the intended audience to define all places or spaces where parking is not allowed as a fire lane. This is wrong considering the fact that there are many other places in which parking is not allowed yet they do not qualify to be called fire lane for example pedestrian paths. The definition should indicate where fire lanes are located and their functions. A fire lane refers to a marked lane in a parking space or parking lot that is closer to a structure or building whose function is to allow access of safety equipment to the structure/building or escape route in case of emergency. A crime is a violation of the law. The degree of accuracy of this definition is low and insufficient in explaining what a crime is. This is because not all violations of the law can be regarded as crimes. An example is a breach of contract. This applies to individuals involved and it only qualifies to be called an offence or a wrong. An act can only qualify to be called a crime if it is a wrong against the public. This means it has to be within the parameters of the natural laws of the land. A crime can therefore be defined as a breach of laws or rules for which some authority can prescribe a conviction. Sterilization is the process of sterilizing. This definition is such a poor one and it is very inefficient in explaining what sterilizing means. It is just like saying, â€Å"John is John†, â€Å"a car is a car† instead of explaining who John is, or what a car is. Therefore, the second part of the definition should explain what sterilization actually entails. In this case, it is more scholarly to say that sterilization refers to the removal or killing of all disease-causing organisms from a surface. Activity 11.3 The intended audiences for the explanation of the term consumer are students who are undertaking b usiness studies and the purpose of the definition is to help them understand the position of a consumer in a chain of production and their role in an economy. The term consumer refers to any household or individual that utilizes the goods and/or services produced within an economy. The audience for which the definition of the term depreciation is intended for are senior high school students undertaking business studies and the definition will help them to understand why some assets that have been used are normally sold at a price lower than its initial buying price. By definition, depreciation refers to the decline in the fair value of an asset. The explanation of the term management is intended for students undertaking studies on business administration and this definition will enable them visualize their roles and functions as future managers of various organizations. According to Gomez-Mejia (2008), management refers to the organization and coordination of people and activities o f an organization in accordance to certain policies in order to achieve the organization’s desired goals and objectives. The explanation of the term software is intended for is high school students who are undertaking computer studies and the definition will enable them to understand what enables a computer to perform its various functions and applications. By definition, software refers to a group of computer programs (sequence of instructions) and

Development Of Industrial Relations In Hong Kong Commerce Essay

Development Of Industrial Relations In Hong Kong Commerce Essay In responding to the question, I agree with that the organization of industrial relations in Hong Kong has been less formalized and less centralized. There are three critical factors influenced the development of the industrial relations in Hong Kong. In the following essay, there will be a definition and description on industrial relations and the role of trade unions in Hong Kong. And discuss the background of economic, political and institutional sociology environment in post colony Hong Kong that affecting the function of trade union. Industrial Relations and Trade Union The terms of Industrial Relations is used to define the relationship and interactions between the employees (workers) and employers (management) within the organizational settings. Those interactions or activities were involved all aspects of the employment relationship, human resource management, employee relations and union-management relations. The main parties to the employment relationship and the key actors are workers and workers organizations (usually trade union), employers and managers and also the state (Bacon, 2009). Since there have difference perspective among employers, employees (workers) and trade unions (workers organization), the industrial relation means different things to different people. For workers, they wants fairness of employment outcome, better pay, workplace safety, job security and training, while employer wants more efficiency, more productivity, more flexibility in the workforce. In general, trade unions have a wide range of beneficial outcome. They can be the actor to force managers improve human resources management practices, being the role of consulting, promoting job equal opportunities, increasing job satisfaction and reducing labour turnover. Meanwhile, trade unions also acted as a representative of employee to voice out their needs as well as express their views and interests in the workplace. Furthermore, they can create issues covering on the wages and working hours, to encourage employees to be better producers for their employers and ensure employers provide better working conditions for employee through the activities of collective bargaining and negotiation. Thus, industrial relations were often subject to joint regulation which required cooperation among employee and employer participation in decision making. However, in Hong Kong, union effects nowadays appear to have reduced obviously or just apply limited effect in some special circumstance. It probably caused by the change of industrial relations since World War II, under the governance of Colonial British rule for 150 years prior to Chinas sovereignty. Critical factors leading that influence trade unions in Hong Kong Economic Factors First of all, from the aspect of economic factors, entrepot trade was the mainstay economy in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, with the declined of entrepot trade, the sudden influx of refugees and the capital from Shanghai and other major Chinese cities transferred to Hong Kong that influenced the movement of unions in labour relation. With the expansion of manufacturing sector (such as clothing and electronics) that facilitate the semi-worker and the skill transferred among difference industries. Manufacturing activities have accounted for the large share of labour force together with other sector, such as restaurants and hotels, wholesale and retail, commerce and finance (Ng, 1984). At that time, Small firm of individual business provided more employment opportunities. Hong Kong has accomplished a high rate of economic growth with lower unemployment rate. Under this circumstance, union membership is low and the collective bargaining is practically non-existent. There was no incentive to recognize trade unions or bargain collectively within workers. In addition, the perception of British voluntaristic tradition, gentlement agreement among the workplace are more significant than collective agreements, the lacking of legal obligation of enforceable contract that allow employer adjust their labour force in accordance to adapt with the market condition (Chiu and Levin,1996). Meanwhile, the new economic structure only focused to fit the economist prescription in the organizational level in regard of employment relations. Government had adopting a non-interventionist policies in the social and economic sphere that had no intention to restructure the industry by implementing regulation, tax policies or subsidies, remains the lowest taxes among the world to preserve economy incentives (Tang, 1999). It had created a capitalist framework of the economy that encourage private sector to pursuit the market capitalism. Furthermore, the free market approach, Laisse-faire policies initiated by the government on economic activities only consist with minimal regulatory, no minimum wage legislation, no fixing prices. That means people can buy from whom they want, to sell from whom they buy and to invest they want or to hire whom they want, to work for whom they want (Tang, 1999). As a result, the collusion between government and employer that emerged conflictual interest between labour and capital that empower employer over the labour process and employment relations by bargaining between individual employers and workers.(Chiu and Levin, 1999). Moreover, trade union in Hong Kong are all in political orientated, they are only interested in realizing political objective rather than seeking economic benefit for the workers through establishing formal rule making arrangement with employer (Chiu and Levin, 1999) Political and Sociology Factors The nature of political agreement for Hong Kongs revision to China was maintained the British rule of economic governance. Under this old model, administration worked was closely worked with business community that to ensure the stability of social and economic environment. Such policies were also included public housing programme, comprehensive system of education, public health, subsidized in transport and social service. Colonial government approach of non intervention policy that allowed business elite integrated largely in governance the system of colonial Hong Kong by formulating public policies in responds to the interests and demands of the dominant resources controller and economic elites (Chiu and Nevin, 1996). In the wake of the economic environment, a magnitude domestic disturbance posed major crises of legitimacy, which alert the colonial government had to build a new basis of legitimacy in order to increase the commitment to voluntarism (Chiu and Nevin, 1999) Since the Hong Kong Government had made a formal commitment for the civil servant over the employment term and condition that initiated the practice trend of civil-service to private-sector approach. This kind of voluntarist framework had influenced the development of private sector to be more formalized in labour relations in civil service that resulting a process of both formal and informal pressures on the dependent and cultural expectation within the organization. Meanwhile, trade union being recognised by the colonial government and creating formal channels for their participation in decision making on terms and condition of employment which is more advanced than other private sector employers. (Chiu and Nevin, 1996) Through the expanding minimum standards of employment not solely for the capitalist but also coincide the interest for vulnerable categories of employees in the workforce. The birth of the international legislation for women and child labour and the enactment of the Employment Ordinance and its subsequent amendments were established in 1920 and 1966-67 respectively in order to maintain domestic stability and legitimacy. The policy are set for prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status (Chiu and Levin, 1996). In addition, the set up of Labour Department in 1947, the establishment of the Employment Ordinance in 1974 (Chiu and Levin, 1996) and the reform of political structure in 1980s, establishment of district boards with elected members to advise the government on the matters affecting the welfare of the district (Tang, 1999),begun elected seats onto the Legislative Council as the British and Chinese government negotiated for Hong Kongs future. Political parties representing grass-root and labour interest were able to exercise far more to influence in the legislature (Tang, 1999). Since it opened up of the political system, small business and firms, as well as labour groups were more active in competing for political support to advance interests. Besides that, the establish of the Trade Unions and Trade Disputes Ordinance, that allow multiple union to form in the same trade, industry or enterprise that facilitate unions fragmentation and reducing potential untied opposition from organize d labour to colonial rule. The approach of positive non-intervention taken by Labour Department, emphasised not to impose tight control over unions activities and political orientation. However, the behaviour of the trade unions FTU CTU in Hong Kong, always fall into opposite and competition position between two Chinese government (pro-Chinese Communist Party and pro-Kuomintang Party) rather than using their resources to enhance the interest of workers through their domestic political action. Cultural Factors : The cultural factors of Neo-Confucian ideological which suggests workers in Chinese society accept authoritarian management and avoid confrontation with the employer (Chan and Snape, 2000). The traditional Chinese cultural of paternalism and instrumental individualism in the work place, can be interpreted as the collectivistic particularism of the Chinese family (Ng, 1984) which is a concept of utilitarianistic familism that typically concerned about the interest of family over societal or other group interest, thus, they are low in participating of social involvement with co-workers and neighbour (Chiu and Nevin, 1999). Therefore, with these two ideologies among employee, employment just viewed as their secondary concern. The low level of social involvement of political apathy that underpinning the low level of participation in the unionization and collective action among workers. On the other hand, the practical exercise of Chinese workers preference unofficial methods and personal network to achieve their goals rather than in a formal channel. In addition, the rapid growth of labour population by the influx of refugee that had influenced the attitude and behaviour among the workplace as their primary interest was maximizing the income to get familial group survival. Main unions grouping in Hong Kong The unions in Hong Kong are encompassed with three main federations. The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Union (FTU), the largest union in Hong Kong and was established in 1947. Second is the pro-democracy Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) was formed in 1990 and has been worked close with the Christian Industrial Committee (CIC) that focusing on labour education and advising workers on grievances. Third, is pro-nationalist Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (TUC), was established in 1948. There are also many difference independent unions which are smaller in specific sector, such as Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants association (HKCCSA) and Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union (HKPTU). Traditionally, FTU have the role of taking an overly conciliatory line in labour disputes and focusing on the provision of welfare services to its members. However, it took a more moderate perspective that in line with Beijings conciliatory open door policy that not only participating in social affairs, striving for rights and benefit for workers but also promoting social stability and economic prosperity in Hong Kong. While CTU aims to build independent unions and encourage Hong Kong workers to see unions membership being about the protection of their interests (Snape and Chan,1997). The leadership of CTU was aimed to obtain the support from the grass-roots by effectively representing workers interests to government and to employers, playing a positive role in labour disputes by adopting an inclusive approach to unionization and desired to maintain stability which enable CTU is often cast in the role of trouble-shooter, and emphasizing the importance of CTUs political autonomy that to develop a political consciousness and to preserving trade union and other freedoms in Hong Kong. TUC, the association of KuoMinTang (KMT), affiliate has been seen as an expression of loyalty to the Nationalists. It displayed their influence mainly through their participation channel of communication with the government only. (Snape and Chan,1997) such as Labour Advisory Board. The leader of TUC has implemented low profile approach that in order to avoid anger Beijing. And the leadership were comes from the older age group that affecting the recruitment activity was more less than other unions and have been difficulties in recruiting younger workers. Implication However, accordance to the historical background, the effectiveness of trade union activities in Hong Kong is open to question. Given that the impact of Neo-Confucian, Chinese family and paternalism had influenced the mentality of Chinese workers and the first migrant generation, participated in the colonial educational system which limiting collective challenge towards colonial government should not be exaggerated. However, the combination of legislation and regulatory of voluntarism and the cultural perspective cannot be overlooked. This was not only influenced the institutions of family and education system but also foster the dominance of individual and instrumental labour market strategic. In accordance to its political background, governments non-intervention approach, collective bargaining in after world war II seems effective fro most of big business firms, however, the institutional environment had influenced the new form of modern labour organization in Hong Kong. That emerged the declined of labour movement and the new guild origins with a mutual aid function. From the aspect on welfare orientation, trade union acted as a principle agency between two rivalry Chinese parties, Kuomingtang and Chinese Communist Party. With tendency of enlarge their power and seeking the support from employer. However, it can lead to the reshape of industrial relation governance structure as well as trade union while the economic turn weak. In addition, trade union in Hong Kong can be viewed as mimetic as it replete with revolutionary and nationalistic movement. (Chiu and Levin, 1999) Under this circumstance, trade union lobbying benefit for worker are become ineffectiveness and gave the grounds for government and employer for resisting bargaining relations with the unions. Conclusion In general, trade unions role in other countries are concluding bargaining with employers for better pay, bonuses and allowance, better working conditions and more welfare benefit and try to get involve in the decision making are supported by employee. However, it doesnt not meant employee prefer representation and participation through trade union in Hong Kong. It can be interpreted due to the mentality difference among Hong Kong and others. The culturally conditioned fatalism and typically in-depth and influence employee in Hong Kong that lead to resistance of collective action (Chan and Snape, 2000). Besides the economic, political and sociological factors, employee apathetic to trade union can be seen as a key factor that influence trade union in Hong Kong became less formalized and less centralized.

Conflict, Climax, Resolution of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

Conflict, Climax, Resolution of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Hugo McPherson in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology† makes a statement regarding the nature of the conflict in the works of Hawthorne:    Everything he has to say is related, finally, to ‘that inward sphere.’ For the heart is the meeting-place of all the forces – spiritual and physical, light and dark, that compete for dominance in man’s nature. †¦Those who read him as a Christian moralist recognize instantly an opposition between Head and Heart, reason and passion which is related not only to Puritan theology but to the Neo-Classical view of man†¦.(68-69)    Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is, in the estimation of various literary critics, an example of various types of conflicts. This essay will examine them and also the climax and resolution of this short story.    Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in â€Å"Stories Derived from New England Living† state that   â€Å"’Young Goodman Brown’ uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of belief that trouble a man’s heart and mind† (31). The conflict between pride and humility is the direction that Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† tends: Hawthorne himself was preoccupied with the problems of evil, the nature of sin, the conflict between pride and humility† (13). There is little doubt about the pride of the protagonist as he scolds his wife for not fully trusting him: "’My love and my Faith,’ replied young Goodman Brown, ‘of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, must needs be done 'twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three mo... ...W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    McPherson, Hugo. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.    Williams, Stanley T. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.          Conflict, Climax, Resolution of Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown Essay Conflict, Climax, Resolution of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Hugo McPherson in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology† makes a statement regarding the nature of the conflict in the works of Hawthorne:    Everything he has to say is related, finally, to ‘that inward sphere.’ For the heart is the meeting-place of all the forces – spiritual and physical, light and dark, that compete for dominance in man’s nature. †¦Those who read him as a Christian moralist recognize instantly an opposition between Head and Heart, reason and passion which is related not only to Puritan theology but to the Neo-Classical view of man†¦.(68-69)    Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is, in the estimation of various literary critics, an example of various types of conflicts. This essay will examine them and also the climax and resolution of this short story.    Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in â€Å"Stories Derived from New England Living† state that   â€Å"’Young Goodman Brown’ uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of belief that trouble a man’s heart and mind† (31). The conflict between pride and humility is the direction that Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† tends: Hawthorne himself was preoccupied with the problems of evil, the nature of sin, the conflict between pride and humility† (13). There is little doubt about the pride of the protagonist as he scolds his wife for not fully trusting him: "’My love and my Faith,’ replied young Goodman Brown, ‘of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, must needs be done 'twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three mo... ...W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    McPherson, Hugo. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.    Williams, Stanley T. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.         

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Research procedures depends on the analyzing data and questions on the topic being researched. All research can be differentiated on the basis of whether its methodology produces mostly numerical data (e. g. , scores and measurements) or mostly narrative data (e. g. , verbal descriptions and opinions) (Mertler, C. & Charles, C. 2011, p 24). Qualitative research and quantitative research are two types of research methods. Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words, pictures, or objects. The purpose of qualitative research is of a complete, detailed description. Most researchers may not know exactly what he/she might be looking for in advance. Qualitative is usually recommended during the early phases of the research to help design the search as it is further researched. When data is being gathered, it is usually done by the researcher. The data consist of mainly words, pictures or objects. Qualitative data is time consuming and is harder to generalize the data gathered. Qualitative is useful for studying a limited number of cases, it is based on categories of meaning, provide individual case information. This type of research is great for understanding personal experiences form an insider’s viewpoint and how the participant interprets the data such as self-esteem. Qualitative researches also have weaknesses to consider. Some of the findings might be unique to the research study and not generalize to other people or settings. Qualitative research is difficult to make quantitative predictions. Hypothesis and theories are difficult to test and have lower credibility with some administrators of programs. Qualitative takes more time to collect data than it does for quantitative research. Qualitative is influenced by the researcher’s personal biases than statistics. Quantitative research is to classify the features and count them. Quantitative research is usually an attempt to construct statistical models to explain what is being observed. Before performing the research, the researcher clearly knows in advance what is being searched and trying to prove/not prove the hypothesis or theory. Quantitative research is carefully designed and uses tools to help collect numerical data. This type of research can be placed in a statistic or numerical form. The researcher is usually seeking predicament of measurement and analysis of the topic being researched. The researcher gives proven data and does not apply own personal feelings. Quantitative research has much strength for its purpose. When using quantitative research, testing and validating theories are being performed. Hypotheses are able to be tested and data can be constructed from the information collected. Researchers are able to construct situations to eliminate any confounding influences of different variables; this would allow more credibility to the cause-and-effect for the topic. Quantitative research is less time consuming since it is easier to find software or just log in numbers from the results that the researcher have proven. This type of research is great for hypothesis and theories. Quantitative research also has some weaknesses with its research. This type of research might have a hard time reflecting on local areas. Due to the focus on the hypothesis or theory testing, the researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring. The knowledge that is produced from quantitative research might be too much abstract and general for direct application to help with local situations. Quantitative research requires exact, true findings with the research. Qualitative and quantitative research can be hot debates in social sciences. When performing a research, the focus is on how the techniques need to be integrated. The researcher must know what kind of outcome they are searching for. This will help the researcher to decide on whether to use quantitative or qualitative research techniques. Both methods are great debates and require skills to perform throughout the research of any topic. In performing Dolphin Assisted Therapy research, qualitative research is my perspective of the topic. I will not be able to perform quantitative research due to it would take some time and access to the dolphin with the patients. My purpose of this research is to give details of how using dolphins with those of different ages who has different types of disabilities can help in many ways. It would be hard to give statistical numbers on a research that relies on personal experiences and personal viewpoints. During research, I will be looking at testimonials from patients that have had the opportunities to engage in dolphin assisted therapy. Each patient will be different than the other. One patient may have autism, depression, central-nervous-system deficiencies, birth defects, behavioral problems, and even traumatic injuries. Even though Dolphin Assisted Therapy has not been proven to be a medical fix, but it can be a mind-over-body healing, DAT does have its benefits. In my research, the testimonies will help show how DAT can be a good resource for some of those out there who have no more hope in a cure of any sort. References (2011). What is quantitative research? by djs research ltd. Retrieved from http://www. marketresearchworld. net/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=64 Bio Expedition Publishing,. (n. d. ). Dolphin assisted therapy (dat). Retrieved from http://www. dolphins-world. com/Dolphin_Assisted_Therapy. html Curacao Dolphin Therapy & Research Center,. (2004). Curacao dolphin therapy & research center. Retrieved from http://www. dtc. an/ Dolphin Research Center,. (2011). Research at drc. Retrieved from http://dolphins. org/research _DRC. php Dolphin Therapy Bali,. (2007). Dolphin assisted therapy-dat. Retrieved from http://balidolphintherapy. com/dlphin_therapy_bali_indonesia_how_work. html Dr. Lukina,. (2001). Dolphin assisted therapy. Retrieved from http://www. dolphinassistedtherapy. com/index. htm Mays, N. , & Pope, C.. (2000). Qualitative research in health care. BMJ Publishing Group. Mertler, C. & Charles, C. (2011). Introduction to educational research (7th ed. ). San Francisco: Allyn and Bacon. Tiggerlily1999,. (1999). Dolphin assisted therapy. Retrieved from http://tiggerdolphin. tripod. com/DAT. html Wasserman, J.. (2207). Qualitative research. (D. Cormack, Ed. ) Qualitative Research, 7(2), 688- 91. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/21496041

Goodwill in business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2847 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction Goodwill is an extremely interesting business phenomenon. It enables a firm to derive competitive advantage because of issues like reputation, stability, technical excellence, perceived quality and other intangibles, and thereby allows it to earn higher profits, than it would otherwise have, by selling its products or assets. While the need for valuation or accounting of goodwill does not arise in the normal course of a business or in its growth on a periodic basis, (because of the absence of physical assets to back it up), it becomes an extremely important aspect when a running business goes up for sale, or changes ownership, through mechanisms like mergers, or acquisitions. Goodwill can be considered from two different points of view: an economic and an accounting approach. The economic approach regards goodwill as the present value of the additional profits the acquiring company is expecting to gain in the future resulting from the acquisi tion. These additional profits arise from a â€Å"favourable attitude towards the firm† and from synergies. From an accounting perspective, goodwill is the difference in valuation between the purchase price and the book value of the acquired firm. (Lycklama, 2006) The dilemma faced by accountants in valuing goodwill is best illustrated by the sign Albert Einstein had in his Princeton office that stated, â€Å"Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts.† (Bullen and Cafini, 2006) Businesses with strong goodwill are valued at prices much higher than the value of their net assets, the differentials being asked and paid because of the intrinsic ability of these businesses to earn profits higher than what their assets would warrant. The accounting of goodwill thus arises at the time of change of ownership of a business, pursuant to its sale, merger or acquisition, and on a regular basis thereafter. Countries have historica lly followed different ways of accounting for many items, including goodwill. The USA and UK, for instance, have adopted accounting treatments for goodwill that have sometimes been similar, and sometimes markedly different. The ongoing process of globalisation has affected accounting practices worldwide. Businesses have never been as globalised as they are today. Numerous corporations from developed, newly industrialised and developing countries operate on a global basis and need to create financial statements, using the accounting practices of their home country, as well as those existing in their areas of operations. The divergence in accounting practices of different countries necessitates not only the preparation of separate financial and accounting statements, but also the subsequent reconciliation of differences. The international accounting fraternity is now steadily moving towards global commonality in accounting practices and procedural reporting. The International Accounti ng Standards Board (IASB) has been working towards convergence of global accounting standards. Its mission is to develop and enforce a single set of global accounting standards, based on preparation of high quality, transparent and comparable financial statements for local and global users. The IASB has been working on compiling a stable set of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for first time users. The IFRS became mandatory for all publicly listed companies in the European Union in 2005, and was also adopted by other advanced nations like Australia. The IASB has also been working very closely with the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), since 2002, to bring about convergence between US GAAP and the IFRS. However, significant work on harmonising IFRS with US GAAP has already occurred, and while some pending issues are currently under study for corrective action, the two systems are steadily approaching a state of convergence. â€Å"It is notable that some European firms that have been using US GAAP but are now adopting IFRS report a relatively minor impact† (Higson and Sproul, 2005) in their financial statements. It is the purpose of this essay to study the accounting treatment of goodwill under US GAAP and the IFRS, especially the developments of the last ten years, and analyse the reasons for the various changes, not only to assess the current situation, but also to determine what to expect in future. 2. Commentary a. Goodwill under US GAAP Goodwill is an intangible asset and represents the difference between the cost of an acquisition and the fair value of its identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities. A recent analysis by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) estimates that intangible assets accounted for approximately 75 % of the purchased price of acquired companies in recent years. The histories of accounting treatment for goodwill in the US and UK have followed roughly similar paths even though d evelopments have not occurred at the same time. In the past, i.e., prior to 2001, companies in the US could structure acquisition transactions using a choice of â€Å"pooling-of interests† or purchase accounting method. The â€Å"pooling of interest† method for acquisitions and mergers allowed companies to refrain from distinguishing buyer and seller, and did not entail recording of the price of the acquisition. Goodwill valued by the company, in these circumstances, could be amortised in equal instalments over forty years. Changes occurred in the US accounting procedure with the issuance of two new accounting standards, 141 and 142. The â€Å"pooling of interests† method stood eliminated from June 30, 2001 and it became mandatory for all companies to use the purchase accounting method for all business accounting transactions. Requests from industry also led to the scrapping of the practice of amortising assets over forty years, especially by virtue of standard 142. While goodwill thus became, in certain ways, a permanent asset, which would not reduce in value with the passing of years, it became essential for companies to test it for impairment every year to ensure that its value to the business, (as shown in the balance sheet), did indeed reflect its true worth. Under accounting standard 142, it became necessary to review goodwill for impairment, either at the operating level, meaning a business segment, or at a lower organisational level. Impairment must also necessarily be an annual accounting exercise, and can occur at even shorter intervals, if events indicate that the recoverability of the carrying amount needs reassessment. The procedure for assessment of impairment under IFS 142 comprises of two steps. The fist step involves a comparison of the computed fair value of a business segment with the carrying amount of the concerned unit, including the goodwill. In cases where the book value of the unit exceeds its fair value, no further exercise needs to take place and valuation of goodwill remains unchanged. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is lesser than its carrying amount, the procedure for treatment of impairment of goodwill requires application of a second step. Calculation of goodwill impairment, under US GAAP, occurs through the determination of the excess of the carrying amount of goodwill, over its fair value. The computation for this is simple and constitutes of determining the fair value of goodwill by allocating fair value to the various assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, similar to the procedure used for the determination of goodwill in a business combination. The calculated erosion in goodwill needs reflection in income statement as an impairment charge in the computation of income. In certain cases, negative goodwill can arise because of the fixation of a price less than that warranted by valuation of physical assets. US accounting procedures categorically specify the treatment of negative goodwill. The excess of fair value over the purchase price, requires its allocation, on a pro rata basis, to all assets, other than current assets, financial assets, assets that have been chosen for sale, prepaid pension investments, and deferred taxes. Any negative goodwill remaining after this exercise finds recognition in financial statements as an extraordinary gain. b. The Position under IFRS Goodwill, in accounting treatment under the IFRS, has evolved through stages similar to US GAAP, and is not amortised any longer, as was the case in the past. While the basic principle of treatment of goodwill has become similar under both the methods, differences do exist in the â€Å"nuts and bolts† treatment of the issue at the ground level, in the actual preparation of financial statements. IFRS procedures, like US GAAP, have phased out the method of â€Å"pooling of interests† for accounting of acquisitions and business combinations, a nd require the application of the â€Å"purchase† accounting concept. Many national GAAPs allowed the use of pooling, as was also the case in IFRS, under IAS 22, in the absence of identification of an acquirer. IFRS 3, which became applicable from March 31, 2004, however made it mandatory for EU companies to identify the acquirer, adopt the purchase method of accounting for accounting of business combinations, and discontinue amortisation of goodwill for accounting periods beginning after that date. Nowadays, the acquirer, at the date of the acquisition, needs to allocate the cost of the business combination by recognizing, at fair value, the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the acquiree, as well as those of minority shareholders. The difference between purchase price and value of net assets comprises the money paid for goodwill. In certain cases, some intangible assets form part of the assets acquired for the business combination. These become e ligible for separate recognition on the fulfilment of certain conditions, to elaborate, these assets they need to be separately identifiable, controlled by the entity, capable of yielding future economic benefits, and have values capable of measurement. IFRS procedures stipulate that goodwill, on an ongoing basis, will be subject to measurement at cost, and annual tests for impairment, in accordance with IAS 36. This is a significant departure from the provisions of IAS 22, which treated goodwill as a wasting asset, needing amortisation over a specific period. Negative goodwill, as stated earlier, arises when the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the company. While its occurrence is rare, it can well arise in the case of acquisition of loss-making units, or if a distress sale gives a company the opportunity to acquire a bargain. Negative goodwill, as per IFRS 3, needs immediate recognition in the profit and loss statement for the period. This requirement also differs significantly from previous accounting practice that allowed the allocation of negative goodwill over a range of assets, or allowed it to be amortised over a period. Goodwill, as stated earlier, is not eligible for amortisation, with effect from March 31, 2004, under IFRS procedures and is now considered to be an asset with indefinite life. It however requires the application of a stringent impairment test, either annually, or if the need arises, at shorter notice, for assessment of erosion in value. In the event of impairment, the Profit and Loss Account is charged with the computed impairment amount to ensure the immediate highlighting of poorly performing acquisitions. The accounting treatment of goodwill, as stipulated by IFRS 3, is not that of a steadily wasting asset, but one with indefinite life; and with a value linked to the performance of the unit. The test for impairment of goodwill under the IF RS, unlike US GAAP, occurs at the level of the Cash Generating Unit, or a group of CGUs, representing the lowest level at which internal managements monitor goodwill. The IFRS also stipulates that the level for assessing impairment must never be more than a business or a geographical segment. The test is a one-stage process wherein the recoverable amount of the CGU is calculated on the basis of the higher of (a) the fair value less costs to sell or (b) the value in use, and then compared to the carrying amount. In case the assessed value is lesser than the carrying cost, an appropriate charge is made to the profit and loss account. The goodwill appropriated to the CGU is reduced pro rata. The IFRS requires detailed disclosures to be published regarding the annual impairment tests. These include the assumptions made for these tests, and the sensitivity of the results of the impairment tests to changes in these assumptions. M/s Radebaugh, Gray and Black, in their book â€Å"Intern ational Accounting and Multinational Enterprises† stress that these disclosures help in giving shareholders and financial analysts more information about acquisitions, their benefits to the acquiring company and the efficacy and reasonableness of impairment reviews. Both the IFRS and US GAAP have certain commonalities in the accounting treatment of intangible assets. In case of acquisitions, managements are enjoined to isolate specific intangible assets and value them separately from goodwill. All these assets have to be identified, valued and indicated separately in the balance sheet. The list of intangible assets that need to be recognised separately, because of IFRS 3, is extensive and includes a host of things like patents, brands, trademarks and computer software. IFRS 3 demands that the identification and valuation of intangible assets should be a rigorous process. Experts however feel that while valuing intangibles is essentially associated with subjectivity, logical mental application and the use of working sheets should be able to satisfy the demands of regulators. IAS 38 deals with a number of issues that pertain to intangible assets other than goodwill. This standard, as per experts, represents a major change from previous practice. It allows firms to capitalise some internally generated intangible assets, and attempts to correct the incompleteness of previous accounting practices in this regard. This argument, however, very possibly exaggerates its implications because IAS 38 primarily tries to recognise a wider range of acquired intangibles, but only at the expense of residual goodwill, and maintains a continuum with the historical British approach of treating internally developed intangibles as expenses. Items like Research and Development Costs in Process, costs that were ineligible for recognition before the acquisition, are now allowable as capital items in the balance sheet of the acquirer. On initial recognition as part of the ac quisition process, the cost of the intangible is measured as the fair value at the date of acquisition. The fair value of an intangible assert is the amount the entity would have paid for the asset at the acquisition date in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties, on the basis of the best information available. (IFRS and US GAAP, 2005) IFRS procedures call for expensing of all research cost. Assessment of development costs for the purpose of valuation for long-term benefits is now essential for their amortisation over their determined benefit period. Capitalisation of development costs is allowed only when development efforts result in the creation of an identifiable asset, e.g. software or processes, whose beneficial life and costs can be measured reliably. If however a Research and Development project is purchased, IFRS provides for the treatment of the whole amount as an asset, even though part of the cost reflects research expenses. In th e case of further costs being incurred on the project after its purchase, research costs will need to be expensed out while development costs will be eligible for capitalisation, subject to their meeting the required criteria. US GAAP however stipulates that all Research and Development costs be immediately charged to expenses. Certain development costs pertaining to website and software development are however allowed to be capitalised. Research and Development assets, if acquired are valued at fair value under the purchase method. However if the assets do not have any alternate use they are immediately charged to expense. 3. Conclusion Both methods of accounting, US GAAP and IFRS, while they have taken different routes, and have changed their accounting standards at different times, have now arrived at similar positions in the treatment of a number of items, including valuation and treatment of goodwill. The differences that exist today in this area are primarily in the a rea of detailing, methods of computation and in the treatment of individual components of the accounting requirements, like for example, in the computation of impairment of goodwill. Both PWC and Deloitte publications opine that US GAAP will most probably move further towards the IFRS position intangible assets as part of the ongoing convergence exercise. Bibliography Bullen, H, and Cafini, R, 2006, Accounting Standards Regarding Intellectual Assets, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/ia10.pdf FASB: Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2006, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.fasb.org IFRS and US GAAP, 2005, IAS Plus Deloitte, Retrieved April, 2007 from deloitte.net/dtt/cda/doc/content/dtt_audit_iasplusgl_073106.pdf Higson, C and Sproul, M, 2005, Coping with IFRS, London Business School, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.london.edu/assets/documents/PDF/Chris_Higson_paper_IFRS.pdf Intangibl e assets: brand valuation, 2004, IFRS News Brand Valuation, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.pwc.com/gx/eng/about/svcs/corporatereporting/IFRSNewsCatalogue.pdf Lycklama, M.P., 2005, Goodwill and value creation of acquisitions, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.bedrijfswetenschappen.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/PDF/goodwill_and_value_creation_of_acquisitions.pdf Nobes, C. and Parker, R., 2004, Comparative International Accounting (9th edition), Prentice Hall Radebaugh, L.H., Gray, S.J., Black, E.L., 2006, International Accounting and Multinational Enterprises, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons, inc., USA Roberts, C, Weetman, P, and Gordon, P, 2005, International Financial Reporting: A Comparative Approach, 3rd edition, FT Prentice Hall, USA Similarities and Differences, 2005, A comparison of IFRS, US GAAP and Belgian GAAP, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Retrieved April 16, 2007 from www.pwc.com/extweb/pwcpublications.nsf/docid/74d6c09e0a4ee610802569a1003354c8 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Goodwill in business" essay for you Create order